System for operating one or more lasers to project a visible line onto a surface

ABSTRACT

At least one temporary visible reference line is projected onto a target surface, as for example, an athletic field, by several laser sources. A first laser source emits optical energy—at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm—along at least a first selectable path upon the target surface so as to form a temporary line thereon. A second laser source disposed at a second elevated, stationary location relative to the target surface different from the first stationary location emits optical energy along at least a second selectable path upon the target surface so as to form a temporary line thereon. In some instances, each laser light source may be capable of traversing the entire width of the target surface, in which case each laser source covers a discrete region. In other cases, respective laser sources arranged on opposite laterals sides of the target surface can be included so that segments contiguous with those projected by a corresponding one of the first and second laser sources can be generated to form a temporary line that does traverse the entire width of the target surface.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/385,219 filed on Mar. 10, 2003 and entitled “SYSTEM FOR OPERATING ONE OR MORE SYNCHRONIZED LASERS TO PROJECT A VISIBLE LINE ONTO A SURFACE” and of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/385,218 filed on Mar. 10, 2003 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPERATING GROUPS OF LASERS TO PROJECT A VISIBLE LINE OF DEMARCATION ONTO DISCRETE REGIONS OF AN ATHLETIC FIELD”, both of which are continuations-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/320,304 filed on Dec. 16, 2002 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DYNAMICALLY MARKING ATHLETIC FIELDS USING A HANDHELD USER INTERFACE”.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates generally to the projection of visible lines onto surfaces upon which persons are standing (e.g., athletic fields during sporting or entertainment events) and, more particularly, to systems employing laser light beam sources to generate such visible lines.

[0004] 2. Discussion of the Background Art

[0005] In the game of football, a key objective of the team in possession of the ball (i.e., the “offense”) is to retain possession of that ball by moving it far enough down the field. Specifically, the offense is given a set of four plays or “downs” to advance the ball by at least ten yards. Each time that distance is reached or exceeded, the offense is said to have crossed a “first down” line, a new set of downs is earned, and the offense is allowed to continue its advance toward the goal line of the opposing team (i.e., the “defense”). If the offense falls short, however, possession is lost and the two teams reverse their roles. A regulation football field has a length of 100 yards and 53 yards. Thus, by way of example, a team gaining possession of the ball at its own 20 yard line must move the ball a total of eighty yards in order to reach the end zone of the opposing team.

[0006] In numerous occasions throughout an average football game, the officials of the game must resort to sideline markers to establish whether the offense has advanced the ball by the required distance. The standard alignment system that is utilized is generally a pair of poles connected by a 30 foot long chain. The relative position of the football is measured by locating a first of these poles at the approximate location of the initial line of scrimmage and moving the second as far forward as possible. Each time this measurement is made, the game must be delayed and the yard markers must be carried from the sidelines to the place on the field where the official has “spotted” the ball. Although the game of football has become a relatively complex sport, involving literally hundreds of millions of invested dollars, this time consuming system has remained relatively the same since the conception of the sport.

[0007] A number of approaches intended to ameliorate the aforementioned deficiencies have been proposed over the years, but none of them has met with any degree of commercial success. U.S. Pat. No. 3,741,662, entitled “VISIBLE LINE MARKER” and issued to Pioch on Jun. 26, 1973, U.S. Pat. No. 3,752,588, entitled “LASER FOOTBALL FIRST DOWN MEASURING DEVICE” and issued to Chapman on Aug. 14, 1973, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,708 entitled “APPARATUS FOR MARKING FOOTBALL FIELDS” and issued to McPeak on May 23, 1978. Each of the aforementioned patents involve the use of lasers for the purpose of marking visible lines of demarcation on an athletic field. One of the principal drawbacks of these systems is the time-consuming and tedious method of operation.

[0008] Both Chapman and Pioch involve the use of track mounted, sliding projectors that are located at the sidelines and several feet above the field level. The lasers are mounted for oscillation in a vertical plane and the projected, low intensity beam developed by each must strike the field at points of reference lying on an imaginary line of demarcation defined by the intersection of the vertical plane with the field surface. Accordingly, it is necessary for the operator to manually position the projector for each reference point established. Like Pioch and Chapman, McPeak discloses the use of a laser assemblies adapted to accommodate sliding movement along the sidelines of a football field. McPeak, however, teaches that two oppositely directed beams should be aimed at a level above (i.e., “adjacent and parallel to”) the field surface.

[0009] Another drawback associated with the aforementioned systems is that the low-intensity output of these lasers is far too low to be visible by the players, let alone by an audience in, for example, a stadium setting. Indeed, the aforementioned systems are intended for use only in making a first down measurement determination after each close play. As it turns out, players intent on getting the ball past the first yard line—and focused on the sideline markers long enough to be “blindsided” by the defense —have suffered very serious neck and back injuries.

[0010] Television networks have recently implemented an image pre-processing system which allows viewers of televised football games to see a so-called “virtual” first down line that digitally projects, in real time, a visible line onto video frames recorded by the television camera, the line being displayed on a viewer's television set so that it appears to extend between the first down sideline markers. Unfortunately, neither the players, game officials, nor the fans attending such games can actually see this virtual line. It is thus reasonable to conclude that given the rapid and widespread adoption of a virtual visible line marking system—whose enjoyment is strictly limited to television viewers, it has heretofore been deemed impossible or impracticable to project a real, visible line onto the grassy surfaces which characterize most athletic fields. The individual blades of grass comprising such fields tend to be randomly oriented and, for this reason, will scatter incident light in many different directions. In co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/385,218, the inventors herein described a laser-based line generating approach which addressed the poor light scattering properties of grassy surfaces by operating two laser-based laser light sources—a first laser light source on one lateral side of the field and a second light on the opposite lateral side of the field—to generate a line which extends across at least a portion of the field. Because at least two light beams strike each point along the desired region of the field, there is a greater likelihood that enough light will be reflected that the line so generated will be clearly visible (whether by a camera or a spectator) from the widest range of viewing angles.

[0011] In certain installations, however, the inventors herein have found that satisfactory results can be achieved without using two oppositely situated sources to generate a single line of demarcation (or segment thereof). That is, under certain circumstances, light incident from only one side of the field is sufficient to afford viewing from the desired range of viewing angles. The inventors herein have further encountered installations where the topological characteristics of the field surface are such that a laser line source positioned at one side of the target region can not uniformly traverse the entire width of the field. For example, many outdoor football fields are designed with an elevated central region that causes rain to quickly drain to either side where it can be safely carried away by a system of drainage canals.

[0012] A continuing need therefore exists for a visible line marking system that is simple to operate, accurate enough to allows its use by officials at sporting events, and of sufficient intensity to be viewed by players, large audiences, and television viewers alike.

[0013] A need also exists for a system capable of projecting, onto surfaces that are characterized by non-uniform topological features, a line which can be seen from different perspectives and from considerable distances—even in daylight conditions.

[0014] A need also exists for a system that is capable of projecting a line which, though intense enough to be seen from a wide range of viewing angles, conforms to all applicable eye-safety regulations such as those promulgated by the FDA's Center for Diagnostic and Radiological Health (CDRH).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The aforementioned needs are addressed, and an advance is made in the art, by an apparatus for providing at least one temporary visible reference line on a target surface, as for example, an athletic field. The system comprises a first laser light source disposed at a first elevated, stationary location relative to the target surface, the first laser source being operative to emit optical energy—at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm—along at least a first selectable path upon the target surface so as to form a temporary line thereon. The system further comprises a second laser light source disposed at a second elevated, stationary location relative to the target surface and different from the first stationary location, the second laser light source being operative to emit optical energy—at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm—along at least a second selectable path upon the target surface so as to form a temporary line thereon.

[0016] In accordance with a first illustrative embodiment of the present invention, each of the first and second laser light sources comprises a corresponding projecting module that includes a cylindrical lens dimensioned and arranged to distribute the emitted optical energy along a respective selectable path. To project a line or line segment having sufficient intensity to be seen from the seats of a stadium, the output beams of a centralized group of lasers is collimated and optically coupled to either projecting module using an optical fiber. Advantageously, a group of pulsed lasers arranged in this fashion can be energized sequentially to collectively develop a quasi-cw output that is compliant with Laser Group I or IIIA operation. Class I operation requires a laser source to develop a continuous output for at least 0.25 seconds. Thus, by way of illustrative example, five pulse-mode lasers with a pulse width of 60 ms can be sequentially operated to collectively generate a quasi-cw output exceeding the 0.25 second threshold.

[0017] Substantial optical energy is lost when the optical output of several lasers are coupled together in this fashion. As such, it may be desirable to utilize a dedicated group of lasers for each of the first and second laser light sources. In either event, the optical energy so-generated is directed through a cylindrical lens that spreads each beam into to a line that spans across at least a portion of the width of the target surface. Depending upon the topography of the target surface, it may be desirable to employ a third laser light sources disposed at a lateral side of the target surface directly opposite to the first laser light source and a fourth laser light source disposed at a lateral side of the target surface directly opposite to the second laser light source. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, complementary pairs formed by the first and third laser light sources, and the second and fourth laser light sources may be operated so as to overlap so as to create a more intense line that can be seen better from a wider range of viewing angles. Alternatively, these complementary pairs may be operated to form contiguous line segments along a corresponding selectable path. The latter operation has been found to be an especially useful way to address the problem of topological irregularities (e.g., the central “bulge” found on many football fields).

[0018] It is expected that the power delivery requirements for each laser source can vary considerably for each installation, depending upon such variables as the range of expected ambient lighting conditions, the distance emitted optical energy must traverse before contacting the target surface, and the actual width dimension of the line to be displayed. For a line width of approximately 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm), excellent results have been achieved from distances in excess of several hundred feet using 40 W, frequency doubled, Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers each adapted to generate laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm. Emission at this wavelength is especially preferred since it is very close to the peak (555 nm) of the eye's sensitivity. By comparison, in an argon laser operating in continuous wave (cw) mode, roughly half of the output is at 514 nm (58% as bright as the same beam at 555 nm), another 30% is at around 480 nm (18% as bright) and the remaining 20% is at around 440 nm (barely visible to he human eye). Thus, such an argon laser would have to deliver up to three or four times as much power to match the visibility of the Nd:YAG laser. Notwithstanding the relative difference in visibility, the inventors herein contemplate that one or more cw-mode lasers can be used in conjunction with one or more pulse mode lasers to provide a single, composite visible line, if desired. Moreover, and with particular regard to an illustrative embodiment that uses two laser sources to generate each visible line, it is also contemplated that the first laser source may be configured to deliver a beam which has a different power level than the second laser source, and that the respective power levels may be altered as necessary to compensate for changes in ambient lighting conditions.

[0019] In accordance with a modified embodiment of the invention, the projecting modules may employ scanning technology—rather than cylindrical lenses—to generate a line along each corresponding selectable path. To move the respectively generated laser beam emitted by each group of lasers along a selectable path on a target surface so as, for example, to produce a straight line connecting the two lateral sides of a football field, each projecting module according to the modified embodiment includes a scanning assembly capable of deflecting the beam as required to generate the composite line. By way of illustrative example, the scanning assembly for each laser source may include an X-Y galvanic scanner. The controller is responsive to user input commands to move the composite temporary line from a first selectable path on the surface to a second selectable path on the surface. Where the installation is to provide a line of demarcation in a football game, this can include moving the temporary visible line forward from a first down line of scrimmage—where an official has just “spotted” the ball—by a distance of ten yards to thereby display the new first down line. This can also include moving the temporary visible line from an old line of scrimmage, forward or backward, to a new line of scrimmage as a result of a penalty assessed against one of the teams.

[0020] Under certain ambient lighting and other installation conditions, it is contemplated that a surface may be divided into multiple regions or zones. This allows the distance over which each beam must travel to be kept within a range that is consistent with the intensity, divergence and line width demands for proper viewing. By way of illustrative example in which the surface is a football field, the first and third laser light sources may be positioned above opposite lateral sides of the 25 yard line on one-half of the field, while second and fourth laser sources may be positioned opposite lateral sides of the 25 be yard line on the other half of the field. It is considered within the level of skill of the ordinary artisan to obtain, whether empirically or by calculation, a juxtaposition of laser sources that is ideally suited to the specific conditions of any indoor or outdoor location.

[0021] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The invention will be better understood by reference to the detailed description of the invention that follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0023]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a football stadium equipped with a visible line marking system in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

[0024]FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the football stadium of FIG. 1, depicting the projection of a visible line of demarcation (i.e., a “first down” line) onto a portion of the field surface covered by real or artificial grass;

[0025]FIG. 3 is a block diagram schematically depicting the components of an exemplary visible line marking system employing two pairs of synchronized coherent laser sources;

[0026]FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, the various functional elements of the exemplary visible line marking system of FIG. 3;

[0027]FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a sequence of operation for the exemplary system depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4;

[0028]FIG. 6 is a block diagram schematically depicting the components of an alternate embodiment of a visible line marking system; and

[0029]FIG. 7 is a block diagram depicting, in greater detail, the various functional elements of the alternate visible line marking system of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] In connection with the exemplary football stadium installation depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be understood that the term “target surface” refers to the surface of an athletic field that is entirely or substantially covered by real or artificial turf grass. By appropriate beam wavelength, output power level selection, and/or placement of multiple laser sources, the poor light scattering performance of such non-smooth surfaces can be overcome so that spectators can easily see the line(s) so-projected—from most, if not all, vantage points within the seating area of a stadium or arena—even in peak daylight ambient lighting conditions. It should thus be understood that although the exemplary embodiments illustrated and described herein relate specifically to the projection of a visible straight line onto the grass surface of a football field, the teachings of the present invention are equally applicable to the projection of other types of lines—including images, logos, advertising messages, and the like—onto any surface covered by real or artificial turf.

[0031]FIG. 1 is a partial view of an exemplary stadium 100 having associated therewith a visible line marking system constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. In the center of stadium 100 is an athletic field 102 covered with grass—which can be either real or artificial turf grass—and marked with a rectangular grid pattern to define a football playing area. The width of this grid pattern is delineated by, inter alia, first and second lateral boundary lines indicated generally at 103 a and 103 b, which are separated by a distance of approximately fifty-three yards. At regular increments of ten yards, eleven transverse reference lines extend across field 102, interconnecting first and second boundary lines 103 a and 103 b. Collectively, these transverse reference lines define the one hundred yard area of field 102 that separates the end zones 108 of each team.

[0032] Surrounding the grass-covered surface of football field 102 is a seating area, indicated generally at 104, designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the seating area of a typical professional league football stadium can easily accommodate several scores of thousands of fans, and many college arenas provide seating for at least tens of thousands. In that regard, seating area 104 can consist of three or more distinct tiers as, for example, a lower deck, mezzanine, and upper deck area. Between seating area 104 and playing field 102 is a retaining wall 106, which serves as a barrier between the spectators and the players and officials on field 102. It goes without saying that the spectators expect a substantially unobstructed view, from any seat within seating area 104, of the action taking place on field 102.

[0033] A line marking system constructed in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention includes a first pair of laser sources indicated generally at 120 a and 120 b and a second pair of laser sources indicated generally at 130 a and 130 b. To ensure coverage of the entire length and width of the playing area, each laser source is positioned at a location that is high above the grass-covered surface of field 102—on the order of from about fifty to about two hundred and fifty feet or so depending upon the intensity, shape and divergence of the coherent beam generated and upon the availability of a suitable mounting location. Although it is conceivable that certain enclosed (e.g., domed) environments might offer a mounting location that is directly above athletic field 102, each laser source as sources 120 a and 120 b is typically mounted well beyond lateral boundary lines 103 a and 103 b-on the order of, say, about fifty to one hundred and fifty feet outside lines 103 a and 103 b. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, for example, each laser source is positioned directly above seating area 104, with care being taken to ensure that the respective beams projected are sufficiently distant from the spectators at all times as to comply with the guidelines prescribed by the Center for Diagnostic and Radiological Health, a department of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The beam may therefore traverse a distance of hundreds of feet before reaching the surface of field 102, and may do so at an angle of incidence that is typically within a range of from about fifteen to about ninety degrees.

[0034] Under certain ambient lighting and other installation conditions, it is contemplated that a surface may be divided into multiple regions or zones. This allows the distance over which each beam must travel to be kept within a range that is consistent with the intensity, divergence and line width demands for proper viewing. By way of illustrative example in which the surface is a football field that is subject to daylight illumination conditions, first and second laser sources 120 a and 120 b may be positioned above opposite lateral sides of the 25 yard line to provide coverage for half the area of field 102— a region designated as area 102 b in FIG. 3, while third and fourth laser sources 130 a and 130 b may be positioned opposite lateral sides of the 25 be yard line on the other half of the field, a region designated as area 102 a in FIG. 3. Such an installation decreases the maximum angle, relative to the vertical, at which each beam strikes field surface 102. A beam emitted by laser source 120 a from a point 200 feet above a lateral side of the 25 yard line will be disposed entirely in a vertical plane relative to horizontal target surface 102 b, and thus at an angle of zero degrees relative to the vertical. A beam directed from that same source but along a selectable path 25 yards away (e.g., at the 50 yard line) will strike target surface at an angle of twenty degrees relative to the vertical. To be useful as an official line of demarcation in a football game, it is believed that the angle should be no greater than 20 degrees. This is because the tip of the football is three inches above the ground. In the foregoing example, the trailing edge of the visible composite line will cross the tip of the football about one inch in front of where it actually crosses the field. The greater the greater the angle, the greater the deviation.

[0035] As such, and in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention depicted in FIG. 1, each pair of laser sources is dimensioned and arranged within stadium 100 to provide coverage for only a portion of the entire of the field area. As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, laser sources 120 a and 120 b—in a manner to be described shortly—are operated together so as to jointly project, from two different angles, a composite visible line 110 onto the field region 102 b. As indicated above, by appropriate beam wavelength, output power level selection, and placement of the multiple laser sources, the poor light scattering performance of the grassy field surface 102 can be overcome and spectators can easily see the line so-projected from most, if not all, vantage points within seating area 104— even in peak daylight ambient lighting conditions.

[0036] A simplified block diagram of an illustrative visible line marking system 10 constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. Essentially, system 10 includes a plurality of groups of laser sources, of which only a first group (comprising first laser source 120 a and second laser source 120 b) and a second group (comprising third laser source 130 a and fourth laser source 130 b) are shown. It will readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that any number of intermediate groups of laser sources may be added, and the relative spacing between the sources of all groups adjusted, in order to ensure that the projected line 110 (FIG. 2) can be clearly seen from all desired viewing angles.

[0037] In this regard, the inventors herein have observed that the intensity of light reflected by grassy surfaces is subject to substantial local variations depending upon the vertical and angular position of the observer relative to the location where a laser beam strikes a region of the target surface. In locations where the amount of ambient illumination is relatively high such, for example, a stadium whose grass field is exposed to full sun or even bright incandescent lighting, light projected by a single coherent laser source is reflected by the randomly oriented blades of grass in such a way that it can be clearly seen from some seating locations and barely seen from others. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4, the light from two or more optical sources, as scanned beam 124 output by first laser source 120 a and scanned beam 122 output by second laser source 120 b, are used in order to ensure that the light reflected by target surface 102 b can be clearly seen from any viewing location.

[0038] With continuing reference to FIG. 3, it will be seen that the respective laser sources are controlled by host computer system 30, with which there are associated a monitor 22, a keyboard terminal 36, and a hand-held wireless interface 42. In the exemplary embodiment, the software controlling movements of the beams developed by each laser source is configured to allow line projection position and operation commands to be supplied by either keyboard terminal 36 or by wireless interface 42 (via an RF link). To make the most effective use of the capacity to implement line position commands using keyboard terminal 36, monitor 22 is configured to present a view (which may be an actual view taken by video camera or a digitally simulated scene) of football field 102. Alternatively, or in addition to the keyboard command capability, commands for position the visible line are entered by wireless interface 42 via an encrypted RF link.

[0039] As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, an advantage of the keyboard implementation is that it is can be o-located with monitor more secured It will also be seen that field surface 102 (or any portion thereof) is within the view of at least one broadcast video camera indicated generally at 20. In accordance with the standard NTSC television interlaced format, the view is scanned at a rate of 30 Hz. Typically, the scanning format is an array of 488 (H) by 380 (W) charge coupled device (CCD) pixels, each of which generates a voltage level proportional to the intensity of light on that pixel element. An NTSC camera converts this sequence of pixel outputs to a standard RS 170 composite video signal of 525 lines, two fields per frame, fully interlaced format with a resolution of 488 lines per frame by 380 elements per line.

[0040] Turning now to FIG. 4, it will be seen that each laser source as source 120 a comprises first and second galvanic scanners indicated generally at reference numerals 121 and 123, respectively. Such scanners are found in conventional laser projectors, and as used therein, galvanic scanner 121 controls movement in the X-axis direction of a coherent laser beam developed by beam generator 140. Likewise, galvanic scanner 123 controls movement in the Y-direction. Considering the width direction of field 102 between boundaries 103 a and 103 b to constitute the Y-direction, a visible line is generated by causing beams 122 and 124 (FIG. 3) to move fast enough in that direction to create a composite temporary visible line at a desired location on target surface 16.

[0041] Essentially, a composite visible line is formed at a desired location by repeatedly and rapidly scanning target surface 102 with each of beams 122 and 124 such that each beam strikes target surface 16 at many points along a selectable path. An exemplary selectable path is identified by reference numeral 110 in FIG. 2, it being understood that a change in the specific location of the temporary visible line—in this case a straight line across surface 102 b—is implemented through operation of the respective X- and Y— scanners of each of laser sources 120 a and 120 b. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, each scanner as scanners 121 and 123 includes mirror (not shown) that deflects the beam. Working together, scanners 121 and 123 are operative to direct the corresponding beam at any selectable point within coverage region 102 b so as to thereby generate a temporary visible line thereon.

[0042] To enable accurate positioning of a visible line along a selected path as path 110 (FIG. 2), scanners as scanners 121 and 123 are preferably closed-loop galvanic scanners (also called “position detecting” scanners). Scanners of this type are commonly used in the laser light entertainment industry and are compatible with a wide variety of commercially available laser graphics software packages. Acceptable performance has been achieved using scanners that are capable of directing the beam to 24,000 to 30,000 discrete points along selected path 110 every second. Scanning assemblies suitable for use in the present invention have been assembled, for example, using two of Cambridge Technology's model 6800 scanners and matching model 6580 amplifier circuit boards.

[0043] As a safety precaution, each laser projector preferably includes a conventional shutter mechanism (not shown) such, for example, as an acoustic optical modulator (AOM) for turning off the beam in the event, for example, a malfunction prevents proper movement of each scanning beam. In the event system 10 may be called upon to create two or more distinct and unconnected visible lines, the AOM's may also be used to implement a blanking function whereby the beam is turned off as it moves between them.

[0044] Optionally, each laser source may further include a conventional beam expander (not shown) in order to increase the diameter of the beam or a conventional collimator (not shown) for altering its divergence. In a typical stadium installation, it is anticipated that laser sources as sources 120 a and 120 b will be mounted anywhere from about 75 to about 200 feet above the level of target field surface 102. Consequently, beams 122 and 124 will traverse a considerable distance before striking surface 102 b. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the need for expansion or collimation of beams 122 and 124 is purely a function of the initial beam diameter and the desired thickness of the visible line as formed on the target surface. A more challenging aspect of projecting beams over such distances, especially in full sun illumination conditions, is that of finding lasers capable of delivering coherent beams of sufficient power and intensity to form a visible composite line.

[0045] For a line width of approximately six inches (15 cm), excellent results have been achieved in a stadium environment (i.e., from distances in excess of several hundred feet) using two 40 W, frequency doubled, Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers each adapted to generate laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm. Emission at this wavelength is especially preferred since it is very close to the peak (555 nm) of the human eye's sensitivity. By comparison, in an argon ion laser operating in continuous wave (cw) mode, roughly half of the output is at 514 nm (58% as bright as the same beam at 555 nm), another 30% is at around 480 nm (18% as bright) and the remaining 20% is at around 440 nm (barely visible to he human eye). Thus, an argon laser would theoretically have to deliver up to three or four times as much power to match the visibility of the Nd:YAG laser. Notwithstanding the relative difference in visibility, the inventors herein contemplate that one or more cw-mode lasers can be used in conjunction with one or more pulse mode lasers to provide a single, composite visible line, if desired. Moreover, and with particular regard to an illustrative embodiment that uses two laser sources to generate each visible line, it is also contemplated that the first laser source may be configured to deliver a beam which has a different power level than the second laser source, and that the respective power levels may be altered as necessary to compensate for different ambient lighting conditions.

[0046] The use of Nd:YAG lasers has heretofore been regarded as unsuitable for so-called laser graphics applications because they tend to produce dotted, rather than continuous lines. Advantageously, the use of two or more lasers in accordance with the teachings of the present invention overcomes this apparent deficiency by synchronizing the first and second laser sources such that segments of the broken pattern of elliptical spots produced by first laser source 120 a overlap the broken areas between the elliptical spots produced by second laser source 120 b. The resulting composite visible line appearing along selected path 110 thus appears to be continuous and unbroken to the human observer. If desired, a cylindrical lens can be used to define the appearance of each spot as a dotted line segment having a straight forward and trailing edge.

[0047] In any event, and with continuing reference to FIG. 4, it will be seen that the scanners associated with each corresponding laser source are controlled by a corresponding laser projector control module respectively identified by reference numerals 82 a, 82 b, 82 c and 82 d residing within host computer system 30. Acceptable results have been obtained using Pangolin QM2000 laser projection controller boards, available from Pangolin Laser Systems, Inc., Orlando, Fla. Essentially, each QM2000 board includes its own processor and memory storage resources, and is configured to execute a special software program (Pangolin LD2000) to directly control any ILDA-compliant scanner unit. A first of the projector control modules, control module 82 a, is designated as a “master” controller and is configured to assign specific line projection tasks to the scanners (e.g., 121, 123) of its own associated laser source as well to those of the laser sources via “slave” projector control modules (e.g., 82 b-82 c). Utilizing the Pangolin LD2000 software package, it is possible to define a series of “scenes” each corresponding to a discrete position of the visible line to be projected.

[0048] Other components of host computer 30 include a conventional central processor unit as, for example, an Intel Pentium 4 2.0 GHz microprocessor unit, random access memory 86, a hard drive for storage of the operating system and communications program needed to define an interface between wireless user interface 42 and I/O ports 90 via radio frequency (RF) transceiver 43. A set of MIDI function commands input by local console 32 or wireless, handheld user interface 42 cause the program executing on master projector control module 82 a to instruct an appropriate group of scanners to move the beams as needed to adjust the visible, composite temporary line from an initially selected position defined by a first “scene” stored in RAM of module 82 a and corresponding to a selectable path as path 110 in FIG. 2, to a subsequently selected position defined by a second scene. Thus, for example, in the context of an illustrative football stadium installation, the temporary line may be moved from an initial line of scrimmage—where a game official has just “spotted the ball”—by a set distance of ten yards by the mere depression of a single pushbutton of user interface 42. This can also include moving the temporary visible line from an old line of scrimmage, forward or backward, to a new line of scrimmage as a result of a penalty assessed against one of the teams.

[0049] From the foregoing discussion it will be appreciated that system 10, as thus far described, is capable of creating temporary, visible composite lines which can be seen not only by players and game officials on the ground, but also by stadium audiences from distances in excess of hundreds of feet—despite the non-uniform light scattering properties of real and artificial grass. So long as the sweep frequency rate—the rate at which the visible line is refreshed by passing the beams across it—is at least thirty times per second, no flicker will be perceptible by the players, officials, or spectators present at the event. In order for the lines generated by system 10 to be properly seen by television audiences, however, it is necessary to synchronize the beam scanning process to the scan rate of the at least one television or video camera 20 having surface 102 within its field of view.

[0050] Assuming NTSC compliant operation, the sweep frequency rate must be an n multiple of the 30 Hz camera scan rate, where n is a whole integer greater than one (e.g., for n=2, the sweep frequency rate is 60 Hz). Since it is believed to be easier in most cases to trigger operation of the projector control modules rather than trigger the scan cycle of the broadcast video or television camera, an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a phase-locked synchronization circuit 44 which synchronizes the operation of laser projection control modules 82 a, 82 b, 84 a and 84 b to the 60 Hz vertical blanking pulses of the video signal from broadcast camera 20. For a 30 Hz refresh rate, the 60 Hz vertical retrace output signal from camera 20 is coupled to a divide by 2 frequency divider (not shown).

[0051] With reference now to FIG. 5, an exemplary sequence of operating the illustrative visible line marking system depicted in FIGS. 1-4 will now be described. The process is entered at step 202 wherein a determination is made as to whether an n Hz synchronization signal is available from an external source such, for example, as a broadcast television camera. In most cases, the reference signal will be a 30 Hz or 60 Hz signal, though other n-multiples of 30 Hz are contemplated. If no reference signal is available, one is generated at step 204. Each laser projector control module is synchronized to the common reference signal so that all laser sources can be operated to sweep their associated beam across the field surface at the same precisely controlled rate (block 206).

[0052] Using a hand-held user interface, a game official enters commands instructing visible line system 10 as to the required location of dynamically movable line 110 (FIG. 2). An RF link between host computer 30 (FIG. 4) and this interface is continuously monitored for new line placement instructions (block 208). If a new line projection command is received (block 210), it is examined to determine whether it is a terminate command (block 212). If so, all line projection operations cease (block 214) and the process terminates. If not, the process proceeds to block 216 and a newly received line projection command is supplied to master projector control module. Using its own on board processing and memory resources, the master projector control module obtains scene information corresponding to the location of the visible line to be projected and an indication as to which slave projector control module(s) are required to operate the applicable laser sources (block 218). At block 220, sub-commands are supplied by the master control module to the appropriate slave projector control modules and these, in turn, deliver data to the scanners associated with the laser sources controlled by them. The process returns to block 208. Until a terminate command or new line projection command is received, system 10 projects the visible line at the location specified by the most recent projection command.

[0053] Turning now to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is shown a further illustrative embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 6 and 7, a plurality of sequentially pulsed Nd:YAG lasers whose respective outputs are fiber fed into an optical combiner used to supply one or more laser sources as sources 120 b and 130 b with the requisite optical energy. Although an arrangement in which two separate groups of pulsed lasers are used to feed respective lateral groups of laser sources is shown, other arrangements are also possible. For example, the lasers may be consolidated into a centralized, environmentally controlled enclosure situated in such a way as to allow an optical fiber to feed each of laser sources 120 a, 120 b, 130 a and 130 b. Though each individual laser may be pulsed for only a fraction of the 0.250 second duration needed to achieve Class I operation, when they are grouped together and pulsed sequentially a composite pulse can be generated which satisfies the 0.250 second threshold needed.

[0054] Within each laser source, the X-Y scanning assembly is replaced by a cylindrical lens arrangement which converts the fiber-fed beam source into a line segment capable of spanning either a portion of the width of the field—in which case at least two contiguous segments are required or the entire width of the field—in which case the lines may overlap (in the manner shown in the arrangement of FIG. 6).

[0055] It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and enhancements are possible. For example, there is no requirement that any pair of laser sources, as first and second laser sources 120 a and 120 b, be located along a line transverse and perpendicular to the lateral sidelines of the field. Thus, for example, the first laser source might be outside the first lateral side of field region 102 b at the twenty-yard line and the second laser source might be outside the second lateral side of region 102 b at the thirty-yard line. Still another laser source of the same group might be outside the second lateral side of region 102 b at the ten-yard line, such that all or any two laser sources of the group might be used to generate a visible composite line in accordance with the present invention.

[0056] Nor is their any requirement that the laser sources be located at the same elevated vertical position relative to the field. It suffices to say that it is considered to be within the level of skill of the ordinary artisan to obtain, whether empirically or by calculation, a juxtaposition of laser sources that is ideally suited to the specific lighting conditions and overall dimensions associated with any particular indoor or outdoor location.

[0057] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be 20 made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for providing a temporary visible reference line across a surface, comprising: a first laser source disposed at a first elevated, stationary location relative to the surface, said first laser source being operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm along a selectable path within a first region of the surface so as to form at least a portion of a temporary visible line thereon; and a second laser source disposed at a second elevated, stationary location relative to the surface, said second laser source being operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 m and 750 m along a selectable path within a second region of the surface so as to form at least a portion of a temporary visible line thereon; and a controller, said controller being responsive to input user commands to operate said first laser source when a temporary visible line is to be formed within the first region and to operate said second laser source when a temporary visible line is to be formed within the second region of the surface.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each said laser source comprises a line projecting module including a cylindrical lens.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each said laser source comprises an X-Y scanning assembly.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further including a plurality of lasers each operative to generate pulses and wherein said controller is operative to sequentially operate at least some of said plurality of lasers so as to form a composite pulse having a duration of at least 0.25 seconds.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, each of said plurality of lasers is a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser emitting an optical beam at a wavelength of 532 nm.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said first laser source includes a first line projecting module having a cylindrical lens and the second laser source includes a second line projecting module having a cylindrical lens, and wherein the output of said at least some of said plurality of lasers is optically coupled to the line projecting module of at least one of said first and second laser sources.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said first laser source includes a first line projecting module having an X-Y scanning assembly and said second laser source includes a second line projecting module having an X-Y scanning assembly and wherein the output of said at least some of said plurality of lasers is optically coupled to the line projecting module of at least one of said first and second laser sources.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, further including a third laser source disposed at a third elevated, stationary location relative to the surface, said third laser source being operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm along a selectable path within the first region, and a fourth laser source disposed at a fourth elevated, stationary location relative to the surface, said fourth laser source being operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm along a selectable path within the fourth region, wherein said controller is responsive to input user commands to operate said first laser source and said third laser source when a temporary visible line is to be formed within the first region and to operate said second laser source and said fourth laser source when a temporary visible line is to be formed within the second region of the surface.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said controller is operative to cause said first laser source to project a temporary line segment that is aligned and contiguous with a temporary line segment projected by the third laser source so as to thereby form a continuous, temporary visible line, and to cause said second laser source to project a temporary line segment that is aligned and contiguous with a temporary line segment projected by the fourth laser source so as to form a continuous, temporary visible line.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a continuous temporary line formed within the first region by said first and third laser sources and within said second region by said second and fourth laser sources is a straight line having a length of about fifty three yards and a width of from about four to about eight inches.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said controller is operative to cause said first laser source to project a temporary line segment that overlaps a temporary line segment projected by the third laser source so as to thereby form a composite, temporary visible line within the first region, and to cause said second laser source to project a temporary line segment that overlaps a temporary line segment projected by the fourth laser source so as to form a composite, temporary visible line within the second region.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein a composite temporary line formed within the first region by said first and third laser sources and within said second region by said second and fourth laser sources is a straight line having a length of about fifty three yards and a width of from about four to about eight inches.
 13. A method for providing a temporary visible reference line across a surface, comprising the steps of: receiving a first command to generate a temporary visible line within a first region of the surface; operating a first laser source operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm along a selected path within the first region of the surface; receiving a second command to generate a temporary visible line within a second region of the surface; de-energizing the first laser source so as to terminate generation of a temporary visible line within the first region and operating a second laser source operative to emit optical energy at a wavelength of between 380 nm and 750 nm along a selected path within the second region of the surface.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a third laser source is operated during the step of operating the first laser source.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein a fourth laser source is operated during the step of operating the second laser source.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said step of operating a first laser source includes sequentially pulsing a first plurality of lasers to generate a composite pulse having a pulse width of at least 0.25 seconds.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said step of operating a second laser source includes sequentially pulsing the first plurality of lasers to generate a composite pulse having a pulse width of at least 0.25 seconds
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said step of operating a second laser source includes sequentially pulsing a second plurality of lasers to generate a composite pulse having a pulse width of at least 0.25 seconds. 